IMPORTANT DISCLAIMER: The following is NOT TAX ADVICE. We are not accountants. This content is for educational purposes only, intended to provide a better understanding and help you ask more informed questions. You should consult YOUR INVESTMENT-SAVVY ACCOUNTANT about the pros and cons for your unique circumstances.

For Australian property investors, depreciation is one of the most powerful yet misunderstood tools for wealth creation. It is a significant tax deduction that can improve your cash flow and reduce your tax liability. However, many investors are unaware of how it truly works, the risks involved, and the crucial legislative changes that have impacted its effectiveness.

If you are an Australian property investor looking to maximise your returns and minimise your tax, this guide is for you. We will demystify property depreciation, explore the pros and cons, and reveal how this “paper loss” impacts your profits, both now and in the future.

Key Takeaways

•Depreciation is a tax deduction for the wear and tear of an investment property, boosting your cash flow by reducing your taxable income.

•It is a tax deferral strategy, not a tax elimination strategy. The tax benefits you receive today are generally paid back later through increased Capital Gains Tax (CGT) or income tax.

•Since 2017, investors can no longer claim depreciation on existing plant and equipment in second-hand residential properties, making new builds more attractive from a tax perspective.

•Asset quality and location should always be prioritised over tax benefits. A great property with low depreciation is better than a poor property with high depreciation.

What is Property Depreciation in One Sentence?

Property depreciation is a non-cash tax deduction Australian property investors can claim for the decline in value of a building and its assets over time, which reduces their taxable income.

What is Property Depreciation?

Depreciation is the natural wear and tear of a building and its assets over time. The Australian Taxation Office (ATO) allows property investors to claim this decline in value as a tax deduction because the property is being used to produce income .

It is often called a “paper loss” or a “non-cash deduction” because you do not have to spend any money to claim it. It is a loss that exists on your accounting ledger, reducing your taxable income without affecting your cash in hand.

There are two main categories of depreciation you can claim on an investment property:

1.Capital Works (Division 43): This refers to the depreciation of the building’s structure itself, including walls, floors, roofs, and fixed assets like doors and windows. It is typically claimed at a rate of 2.5% per year over 40 years from the date of construction .

2.Plant and Equipment (Division 40): This covers the decline in value of the removable fixtures and fittings within the property, such as carpets, blinds, air conditioners, ovens, and dishwashers. These assets have a shorter effective life than the building and therefore depreciate at a faster rate .

The Pros: How Depreciation Can Boost Your Investment Cash Flow

Claiming depreciation offers several significant advantages for property investors.

1. Increased Cash Flow

By reducing your taxable income, depreciation directly lowers the amount of tax you have to pay. This tax saving translates into improved cash flow. For a negatively geared property, this can mean the difference between a manageable holding cost and a significant financial burden. For a positively geared property, it means more profit in your pocket.

2. Reduced Taxable Income

Depreciation deductions are subtracted from your total assessable income (which includes your salary and rental income), lowering your overall tax liability. This can be particularly beneficial for investors in higher tax brackets.

3. A Non-Cash Deduction

This is the most powerful aspect of depreciation. Unlike other property expenses like interest or council rates, you do not have to physically spend money to claim it. It is a deduction you can claim for an expense that is happening on paper, making it a highly efficient way to reduce your tax bill.

The Cons: Understanding the Risks and Long-Term Costs of Depreciation

While the benefits are compelling, depreciation is not without its drawbacks and complexities. Understanding these is crucial to avoid costly mistakes.

1. The Hidden Cost: How Depreciation Increases Your Tax Bill on Sale

This is the most critical and technically nuanced aspect of depreciation. Claiming depreciation affects your tax outcome upon sale in two distinct ways, depending on the type of asset. It is not a simple case of “paying back” the tax.

The Hidden Truth: Depreciation is a tax deferral strategy, not a tax elimination strategy. The tax benefits you receive today are accounted for when you sell, but the method differs for the building and its assets.

In Australia, the tax outcome on sale is generally affected as follows:

•Division 43 (Capital Works): The total amount of capital works depreciation you claim over the holding period reduces the cost base of your property for Capital Gains Tax (CGT) purposes. A lower cost base results in a higher capital gain on paper, which can increase your final CGT liability.

•Division 40 (Plant & Equipment): The sale of plant and equipment assets triggers a balancing adjustment event. If you sell an asset for more than its depreciated value (its “adjustable value”), the difference is treated as assessable income in the year of sale. If you sell it for less, you can claim a further deduction. This is separate from the CGT calculation for the property itself.

This distinction is vital for accurate financial modelling and is a key reason why consulting an investment-savvy accountant is non-negotiable. The US concept of “depreciation recapture tax” does not directly apply in Australia; our system is based on cost base adjustments and balancing charges.

2. The 2017 Legislation Changes: A Major Blow for Second-Hand Properties

In May 2017, the Australian government introduced major changes to depreciation rules that significantly impacted investors buying second-hand residential properties. Under the new legislation, you can no longer claim depreciation on previously used plant and equipment assets (Division 40) in a residential property if you purchased it after 7:30 pm on 9 May 2017 .

You can still claim capital works (Division 43) depreciation on the building structure, but the lucrative, fast-depreciating deductions on items like carpets, air conditioners, and ovens are no longer available for second-hand properties. This has made new or off-the-plan properties, in many cases, more attractive from a tax perspective.

A Word of Warning: Depreciation is a bonus, not a reason to buy. A high-quality, well-located established property with strong growth potential will almost always outperform a poor-quality new build in a high-supply area, even if the new build offers higher depreciation deductions. Asset quality and location must always come before tax benefits.

3. The Cost and Complexity of a Depreciation Schedule

To claim depreciation accurately and maximise your deductions, you must engage a qualified quantity surveyor to prepare a comprehensive depreciation schedule. This report identifies all depreciable assets, estimates their value, and calculates the deductions you can claim each year.

A quality depreciation schedule can cost between $500 and $800, which is a tax-deductible expense. While this is a necessary investment, it is an upfront cost that investors need to factor into their calculations.

Head-to-Head: The True Impact of Depreciation

Feature	The Upside (Pros)	The Downside (Cons)
Cash Flow	Improves. Reduces your tax liability, increasing your net rental income.	No direct impact, but the cost of the schedule is an upfront expense.
Tax Liability	Reduces. Lowers your taxable income in the present.	Increases CGT. Leads to a higher capital gains tax liability upon sale.
Property Type	Favours new properties. New builds allow you to claim both capital works and plant & equipment.	Penalises second-hand properties. No depreciation on existing plant & equipment for properties bought after May 2017.
Complexity	Relatively simple to claim once you have a professional schedule.	Requires a specialist quantity surveyor to prepare the schedule, adding cost and complexity.

Real-World Example: How Depreciation Impacts Your Bottom Line

Let’s illustrate the long-term impact with a more technically accurate, yet simplified, case study.

Investor Profile: James, an investor with a marginal tax rate of 39% (37% + 2% Medicare levy), purchases a brand-new apartment for $700,000 in 2026. His quantity surveyor’s report identifies:

•Capital Works (Div 43): $16,500 per year.

•Plant & Equipment (Div 40): $40,000 worth of assets (e.g., carpets, oven, air conditioner).

Year 1 Operations (Simplified for Illustration):

Metric	Amount	Notes
Rental Income	$35,000	($673 per week)
Operating Expenses	-$28,000	(Interest, rates, management fees)
Depreciation Claim (Year 1)	-$24,500	($16,500 Div 43 + $8,000 Div 40)
Net Taxable Loss	-$17,500	(Income – Expenses – Depreciation)
Tax Refund	$6,825	(Loss of $17,500 x 39% marginal tax rate)

In the first year, depreciation turns a cash-flow positive property into a paper loss, generating a significant tax refund for James and boosting his net cash flow.

The Sale (5 Years Later):

James sells the property for $900,000. The contract allocates $10,000 to the 5-year-old plant and equipment assets. Over the 5 years, he has claimed:

•Total Capital Works (Div 43): $16,500 x 5 = $82,500

•Total Plant & Equipment (Div 40): $40,000 (fully depreciated using an immediate write-off or pooling)

Calculating the Tax Outcome:

1.Balancing Adjustment (for Plant & Equipment):

•The assets were sold for $10,000 but had been depreciated to a value of $0.

•This $10,000 difference is added to his assessable income for that year, resulting in $3,900 of tax ($10,000 x 39%).

2.Capital Gains Tax (for the Property):

•Original Cost Base (Property ex. P&E): $660,000

•Reduced Cost Base (due to Div 43 claims): $660,000 – $82,500 = $577,500

•Capital Gain: ($890,000 Sale Price – $577,500 Reduced Cost Base) = $312,500

•Taxable Capital Gain (after 50% discount): $312,500 / 2 = $156,250

•CGT Payable: $156,250 x 39% = $60,937

Total Tax on Sale: $3,900 (Balancing Adj.) + $60,937 (CGT) = $64,837

Without claiming any depreciation, his CGT payable would have been only $42,900. The tax deferral benefit provided an extra $21,937 in tax liability at the end.

This case study clearly shows that depreciation is a complex tax deferral mechanism. The annual tax refunds are effectively an advance on future tax obligations, which must be carefully planned for.

Let’s illustrate the long-term impact of depreciation with a case study.

Investor Profile: James, an investor on a taxable income of $120,000, purchases a brand-new apartment for $700,000 in 2026. His quantity surveyor’s report identifies $40,000 worth of plant and equipment assets and a capital works claim of $16,500 per year.

Year 1 Operations:

Metric	Amount	Notes
Rental Income	$35,000	($673 per week)
Operating Expenses	-$28,000	(Interest, rates, management fees)
Depreciation Claim	-$24,500	($16,500 Capital Works + $8,000 Plant & Equipment)
Net Taxable Loss	-$17,500	(Income – Expenses – Depreciation)
Tax Refund	$6,125	(Loss of $17,500 x 35% marginal tax rate)

In the first year, depreciation turns a cash-flow positive property into a paper loss, generating a significant tax refund for James and boosting his net cash flow.

The Sale (5 Years Later):

James sells the property for $900,000. Over 5 years, he has claimed a total of $122,500 in depreciation deductions ($82,500 in capital works and $40,000 in plant & equipment).

•Original Cost Base: $700,000

•Reduced Cost Base: $700,000 – $122,500 = $577,500

•Gross Capital Gain: $900,000 (Sale Price) – $577,500 (Reduced Cost Base) = $322,500

•Taxable Capital Gain: $322,500 / 2 = $161,250 (after 50% CGT discount)

•Capital Gains Tax Payable: $161,250 x 35% = $56,437

Without claiming depreciation, his cost base would have remained $700,000, his capital gain would have been $200,000, and his CGT payable would have been only $35,000. Claiming depreciation has increased his final tax bill by $21,437.

This case study clearly shows that depreciation is a tax deferral mechanism. The $6,125 annual tax refund was effectively a loan from the ATO that had to be repaid upon sale.

Before You Buy: 5 Depreciation Traps We Check During Due Diligence

As buyer’s agents, we see investors make costly mistakes when they focus too much on tax. A depreciation schedule is a valuable tool, but it can also hide serious flaws in a property. Here are five depreciation-related traps we look for before advising a client to purchase:

1. The “High Depreciation, Low Growth” Trap: The property is a new build in an outer-fringe estate with a massive depreciation schedule but is located in a high-supply area with limited drivers for capital growth. The tax benefits are masking a fundamentally poor investment.

2. The “Illegal Works” Trap: The property has unapproved renovations or additions (e.g., a DIY granny flat or an enclosed deck). These structures cannot be legally depreciated, and a quantity surveyor will not include them in the schedule, making the expected deductions much lower than anticipated.

3. The “Second-Hand Surprise” Trap: An investor buys a near-new (e.g., 2-year-old) apartment, assuming they can claim depreciation on all the shiny fixtures and fittings. They are unaware of the 2017 legislation, and their first tax return reveals they can only claim the much smaller capital works deduction.

4. The “Over-Capitalised Renovation” Trap: A seller has recently completed a high-end cosmetic renovation. The asking price is inflated, but because the renovations are new, the depreciation schedule looks attractive. We analyse whether the renovation has added true market value or if the investor is simply paying for the seller’s taste.

5. The “Misleading Rental Yield” Trap: The advertised rental yield is propped up by a high depreciation estimate. We stress-test the numbers based on the actual cash flow of the property before depreciation to ensure the investment stands on its own two feet.

Spotting these traps is a core part of our due diligence process. It ensures our clients are buying a high-quality asset, not just a bundle of tax deductions.

Decision Framework: Should You Claim Depreciation?

Use this framework to decide if claiming depreciation aligns with your investment strategy.

1. What is Your Investment Horizon?

•Long-Term (10+ years): Claiming depreciation is highly beneficial. The improved cash flow over a long period can be reinvested to accelerate wealth creation, often outweighing the future CGT impact.

•Short-Term (1-3 years): The benefit is less clear. The upfront cost of the depreciation schedule and the increased CGT liability may negate the short-term cash flow benefits.

2. What is Your Cash Flow Position?

•Negatively Geared: Depreciation is critical. The tax refund it generates can make an otherwise unaffordable property manageable.

•Positively Geared: Depreciation is a valuable bonus, further increasing your profits and providing a cash buffer.

3. Are You Buying New or Second-Hand?

•New Property: Maximising depreciation is a key advantage. You can claim both capital works and plant & equipment, making it a powerful tax strategy.

•Second-Hand Property (purchased after May 2017): The benefits are significantly reduced. You can only claim capital works, so the cash flow impact is less substantial.

4. What is Your Overall Tax Strategy?Consult with your investment-savvy accountant. They can model the impact of depreciation based on your income, other investments, and long-term financial goals to determine the optimal strategy for your unique circumstances.

Depreciation FAQ: Your Questions Answered

Here are answers to some of the most common questions investors ask about property depreciation.

Q: Do I absolutely need a quantity surveyor?

A: While it is not legally mandatory, it is highly recommended. The ATO requires detailed evidence to support depreciation claims, and a quantity surveyor is specifically qualified to prepare a comprehensive depreciation schedule that maximises your legitimate claims and ensures compliance. The cost of the report is tax-deductible and almost always pays for itself through the tax savings identified.

Q: How long can I claim depreciation for?

A: Capital works (the building structure) can be depreciated for a maximum of 40 years from the construction completion date. The effective life of plant and equipment assets varies, with the ATO providing specific guidelines for different items (e.g., carpets may have an effective life of 8-10 years, while an air conditioner might be 15 years).

Q: What happens if I renovate my investment property?

A: Renovations can significantly impact your depreciation claims. The cost of structural improvements (e.g., adding a new room) can be added to your capital works schedule and depreciated over 40 years. New plant and equipment assets you purchase (e.g., a new oven or dishwasher) can also be depreciated. It is crucial to update your depreciation schedule after a renovation to include these new assets.

Q: Can I claim depreciation on a property I used to live in?

A: Yes. If you previously lived in your property and then turned it into an investment property, you can begin claiming depreciation from the date it first becomes available for rent. However, you cannot claim depreciation for the period you lived in it. A quantity surveyor can prepare a retrospective report to calculate the depreciation from the date it became an income-producing asset.

Q: Is depreciation the same as a tax loss?

A: No. Depreciation is a component that contributes to your overall taxable income or loss. A property makes a tax loss (or is negatively geared) when its total deductible expenses, including depreciation, are greater than the rental income it generates. Depreciation is often the key factor that turns a cash-flow neutral or positive property into a paper loss for tax purposes.

Q: What is the difference between a repair and an improvement for tax purposes?

A: This is a critical distinction. A repair restores something to its original state (e.g., fixing a broken window) and is typically claimable as an immediate 100% tax deduction in the year the cost is incurred. An improvement makes something better than it was originally (e.g., replacing all windows with new, double-glazed ones) and is considered a capital expense. The cost of an improvement is added to the property’s cost base and depreciated over time as either capital works or a plant and equipment asset.

Where Depreciation Shows Up in Real SEQ Buying Decisions

This isn’t just theory. For our clients in Brisbane, the Gold Coast, and the Sunshine Coast, depreciation analysis directly impacts purchasing decisions every day.

•New Build vs. Established Home: An investor might compare a new townhouse in North Lakes (high depreciation) with an older, established house in a middle-ring suburb like Stafford (low depreciation). We help them model the total return, factoring in the higher growth potential of the established house versus the superior cash flow of the new build. Often, the long-term capital gain of the established property far outweighs the short-term tax benefits.

•Granny Flat Strategy: A client building a new granny flat on their investment property in Logan needs to know when to engage a quantity surveyor. We advise them to get the schedule done as soon as the granny flat is completed and available for rent to maximise deductions from day one.

•Renovation Plans: A client buys a dated house in Redcliffe with plans to renovate in 2-3 years. We help them get an initial depreciation schedule to claim deductions on the existing structure. After the renovation, we connect them with the quantity surveyor again to update the schedule, adding the new capital works and assets to maximise their claims going forward.

•Net Yield Reality: When assessing a potential investment, we calculate the net yield both with and without the estimated depreciation benefit. This gives our clients a clear picture of the true holding cost and prevents them from buying a property that is cash-flow negative without the temporary support of a tax deduction.

Final Thoughts: Is Depreciation a Friend or Foe?

Depreciation is neither inherently good nor bad—it is a strategic tool. For the right investor, it is a powerful way to improve cash flow and manage tax obligations during the holding period of a property.

However, it is crucial to understand that it is a tax deferral strategy, not a tax elimination strategy. The benefits you receive today will be accounted for when you sell the property. The 2017 legislation changes have also shifted the balance, making new properties far more advantageous for investors seeking to maximise depreciation claims.

Never let a tax deduction be the primary reason you buy a property. A high-quality asset with strong capital growth potential will always outperform a poor-quality asset with high depreciation benefits. Focus on the fundamentals of the property first—location, scarcity, and infrastructure—and view depreciation as a valuable, but secondary, benefit.

Unsure if a property’s depreciation schedule is a red flag or a green light?

A 15-minute, no-obligation strategy call with an IPS Buyer’s Agent can help you analyse the numbers and understand how depreciation fits into your overall investment strategy. Book your free call today.

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References

[1] Australian Taxation Office. (2025 ). Depreciating assets in rental properties.

[2] Australian Taxation Office. (2023 ). Capital works deductions.

[3] Australian Taxation Office. (2025 ). Guide to depreciating assets 2025.

[4] Australian Taxation Office. (2025 ). Second-hand depreciating assets.

FINAL DISCLAIMER: The above was NOT TAX ADVICE. We are not accountants. This content is for educational purposes only, intended to provide a better understanding and help you ask more informed questions. You should consult YOUR INVESTMENT-SAVVY ACCOUNTANT about the pros and cons for your unique circumstances.. You should consult YOUR INVESTMENT-SAVVY ACCOUNTANT about the pros and cons for your unique circumstances.